User:BomBom/List of caliphs
Caliph | |
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خليفة | |
Style | Varies by era (see section) |
Residence | Medina (first) Istanbul (last) |
Term length | Life tenure |
Inaugural holder | Abu Bakr |
Formation | 8 June 632 AD (= 13 Rabiul-Awwal 11 AH) |
Final holder | Abdülmecid II |
Abolished | 3 March 1924 AD (= 26 Rajab 1342 AH) |
Succession | Electoral during Rashidun Caliphate, later hereditary |
- Due to the emphasis on aniconism in Islam, visual depictions of caliphs were rare. An early and short-lived attempt at numismatic portraiture occurred in the 690s, when Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan became the first caliph to mint coins bearing his name and portrait (see image on the right), although he had them withdrawn from circulation and restruck due to protests from clerics and sahaba opposed to all human imagery.[a] In addition to introducing Islamic coinage, Abd al-Malik also made Arabic the official language of the caliphate.[2][3] In contrast with all their predecessors, Ottoman caliphs had a relaxed attitude towards images, and had their portraits painted "with individual, realistic, and even unflattering detail of feature."[4] Nevertheless, it was only during the reign of Mahmud II (1808–1839) that visual depictions of Ottoman caliphs started to be displayed publicly,[5] and Ottoman coins celebrated the rulers by showing their signature (tughra) rather than their portraits.[6]
- Abu Bakr became caliph on 8 June 632 (= 13 Rabiul-Awwal 11 AH).[7] The Grand National Assembly of Turkey abolished the caliphate on 3 March 1924 (= 26 Rajab 1342 AH).[8]
- The longest caliphate was that of Fatimid caliph Ma'add al-Mustansir Billah, who reigned for 57 years (1036–1094), which makes him the longest-reigning ruler in Muslim history.[9]
- [10]
Contents |
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Titulature |
Late Caliphates: Abbasids of Cairo (1261–1517) • Ottomans (1517–1924) |
Titulature[edit]
The last caliph, Abdülmecid II, was styled "Imperial Majesty" even though he did not hold any political power.[11]
Early Caliphates[edit]
Rashidun (632–661)[edit]
Kunya (honorific) |
Ism (personal name) |
Nasab (patrilineal descent) |
Laqab (descriptive epithet) |
Reign dates | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hijri (AH) | Gregorian (AD) | ||||
Umayyads of Damascus (661–750)[edit]
Kunya (honorific) |
Ism (personal name) |
Nasab (patrilineal descent) |
Laqab (descriptive epithet) |
Reign dates | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hijri (AH) | Gregorian (AD) | ||||
Abbasids of Baghdad (750–1258)[edit]
Kunya (honorific) |
Ism (personal name) |
Nasab (patrilineal descent) |
Laqab (descriptive epithet) |
Reign dates | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hijri (AH) | Gregorian (AD) | ||||
Western Caliphates[edit]
Fatimids (909–1171)[edit]
The Fatimid dynasty endured through the reigns of 14 caliphs.[22][23][24]
Kunya (honorific) |
Ism (personal name) |
Nasab[25] (patrilineal descent) |
Laqab (descriptive epithet) |
Reign dates | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hijri (AH) | Gregorian (AD) | ||||
Abu Muhammad أبو محمد |
Pro-Fatimid:[b] Abd Allah عبد الله |
Pro-Fatimid:[c] ibn Husayn ibn Ahmad ibn Abdillah ibn Muhammad ibn Isma'il ibn Ja'far ibn Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Husayn ibn Ali (Rashidun Caliph) |
al-Mahdi Billah[26] المهدي بالله |
297–322 | 909–934 |
Anti-Fatimid: Ubayd Allah عبيد الله |
Anti-Fatimid: ibn Husayn ibn Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Abd Allah ibn Maymun al-Kaddah[27] | ||||
Abu'l Qasim أبو القاسم |
Muhammad محمد |
ibn Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi | al-Qa'im Bi-Amrillah[28] القائم بأمر الله |
322–334 | 934–946 |
Abu Tahir أبو طاهر |
Isma'il إسماعيل |
ibn Muhammad al-Qa'im | al-Mansur Billah[29] المنصور بالله |
334–341 | 946–953 |
Abu Tamim أبو تميم |
Ma'add معدّ |
ibn Isma'il al-Mansur | al-Muizz Lideenillah[30] المعز لدين الله |
341–365 | 953–975 |
Abu Mansur أبو منصور |
Nizar نزار |
ibn Ma'add al-Muizz | al-Aziz Billah[31] العزيز بالله |
365–386 | 975–996 |
Abu Ali أبو علي |
al-Mansur المنصور |
ibn Nizar al-Aziz | al-Hakim Bi-Amrillah[32] الحاكم بأمر الله |
386–411 | 996–1021 |
Abu'l Hasan أبو الحسن |
Ali علي |
ibn al-Mansur al-Hakim | az-Zahir Li-I'zaz Din Allah[33] الظاهر لإعزاز دين الله |
411–427 | 1021–1036 |
Abu Tamim أبو تميم |
Ma'add معدّ |
ibn Ali az-Zahir | al-Mustansir Billah[34] المستنصر بالله |
427–487 | 1036–1094 |
Abu'l Qasim أبو القاسم |
Ahmad أحمد |
ibn Ma'add al-Mustansir | al-Musta'li Billah[35] المستعلي بالله |
487–495 | 1094–1101 |
Abu Ali أبو علي |
al-Mansur المنصور |
ibn Ahmad al-Musta'li | al-Amir Bi-Ahkam Allah[36] الآمر بأحكام الله |
495–524 | 1101–1130 |
Abu'l Maymun أبو الميمون |
Abd al-Majid عبد المجيد |
ibn Muhammad ibn Ma'add al-Mustansir | al-Hafiz Lideenillah[37] الحافظ لدين الله |
524–526 (as regent) |
1130–1132 (as regent) |
526–544 (as caliph) |
1132–1149 (as caliph) | ||||
Abu'l Mansur أبو المنصور |
Isma'il إسماعيل |
ibn Abd al-Majid al-Hafiz | az-Zafir Bi-A'da' Allah[38] الظافر بأعداء الله |
544–549 | 1149–1154 |
Abu'l Qasim أبو القاسم |
Isa عيسى |
ibn Isma'il az-Zafir | al-Faiz Bi-Nasr Allah[39] الفائز بنصر الله |
549–555 | 1154–1160 |
Abu Muhammad أبو محمد |
Abd Allah عبد الله |
ibn Yusuf ibn Abd al-Majid al-Hafiz | al-'Adid Lideenillah[40] العاضد لدين الله |
555–567 | 1160–1171 |
Umayyads of Córdoba (929–1031)[edit]
Kunya (honorific) |
Ism (personal name) |
Nasab (patrilineal descent) |
Laqab (descriptive epithet) |
Reign dates | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hijri (AH) | Gregorian (AD) | ||||
Almohads (1130–1269)[edit]
Kunya (honorific) |
Ism (personal name) |
Nasab (patrilineal descent) |
Laqab (descriptive epithet) |
Reign dates | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hijri (AH) | Gregorian (AD) | ||||
Abu Muhammad أبو محمد |
Abd al-Mu'min[49] عبد المؤمن |
ibn Ali ibn Alawi ibn Ya'la ibn Mawar ibn Nasr ibn Ali ibn Amir ibn Musa ibn Awnallah ibn Yahya ibn Warjayigh ibn Satfur ibn Nafur ibn Matmat ibn Hazraj ibn Qays ibn Aylan ibn Mudar ibn Nizar ibn Ma'add ibn Adnan[d] | — | 524–558 | 1130–1163 |
Abu Ya'qub أبو يعقوب |
Yusuf (I)[50] يوسف |
ibn Abd al-Mu'min | — | 558–580 | 1163–1184 |
Abu Yusuf أبو يوسف |
Ya'qub[51] يعقوب |
ibn Yusuf (I) | al-Mansur المنصور |
580–595 | 1184–1199 |
Abu Abd Allah أبو عبد الله |
Muhammad[52] محمد |
ibn Ya'qub al-Mansur | al-Nasir الناصر |
595–610 | 1199–1213 |
Abu Ya'qub أبو يعقوب |
Yusuf (II)[53] يوسف |
ibn Muhammad al-Nasir | al-Mustansir المستنصر |
610–621 | 1213–1224 |
Late Caliphates[edit]
Abbasids of Cairo (1261–1517)[edit]
Kunya (honorific) |
Ism (personal name) |
Nasab (patrilineal descent) |
Laqab (descriptive epithet) |
Reign dates | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hijri (AH) | Gregorian (AD) | ||||
Ottomans (1517–1924)[edit]
Kunya (honorific) |
Ism (personal name) |
Nasab (patrilineal descent) |
Laqab (descriptive epithet) |
Reign dates | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hijri (AH) | Gregorian (AD) | ||||
Post-abolition[edit]
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Caliphs.
Notes[edit]
- a^ : Abd al-Malik's so-called "Standing Caliph" gold dinars were struck in imitation of, and in rivalry with, the Byzantine solidus, which led to tension and even war with the Byzantine Empire.[59] These dinars were the first to mention the name of the caliph,[60] and are considered "the first regalian coinage known in Islam, proclaiming [...] through word and image the primacy of the caliphal office."[61] According to historian Al-Maqrizi, the "Standing Caliph" dinars were criticized by some sahaba in Medina due to the presence of an effigy on their obverse.[62] Objections to the coins were also raised by Muslim clerics.[63] This led Abd al-Malik to institute far-reaching reforms of Islamic coinage, whereby pictorial images were replaced by texts from the Qur'an.[64] From this point on, purely epigraphic coins became the norm in the Islamic world.[63] Because Abd al-Malik ordered all "Standing Caliph" dinars to be melted down and restruck, only eight of them have survived to the present day,[59] making them extremely rare.[65]
- b^ : The Isma'ili partisans of the Fatimid dynasty believe that its founder's name was Abd Allah (عبد الله), which literally means "God's slave." Anti-Fatimid Sunni and Khariji authors agree on the diminutive form Ubayd Allah (عبيد الله), which translates as "God's little slave." The diminutive form of the name is meant to be derogatory, hence its rejection by the Isma'ilis.[26]
- c^ : The Fatimids traced their origin to Isma'il ibn Ja'far, himself a direct descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad's daughter Fatimah (from whom the dynasty derives its name) and her husband Ali. However, the Fatimids were very reluctant to reveal the names of the so-called "hidden imams" linking the founder of the dynasty Ubayd Allah to Isma'il ibn Ja'far. This raised doubts about the authenticity of their genealogy. The enemies of the Fatimids denied their descent from Muhammad and accused them of being impostors. The Abbasid caliph Al-Qadir, whose Sunni authority was directly challenged by the Isma'ili Fatimids, even asked a number of jurists in 1011 to issue a public declaration denouncing the prophetic descent of the Fatimids. The ancestry of the Fatimids was, and continues to be, a source of controversy.[66] The table in this article presents both the pro-Fatimid and the anti-Fatimid versions of their nasab.
- d^ : Abd al-Mu'min, the first Almohad caliph, was a Zenata Berber. He adopted an Arabic genealogy when he took the title of caliph. On his father's side, he claimed descent from the tribe of Qays. On his mother's side, he claimed descent from the Islamic prophet Muhammad, matrilineal descent being more important among the Berbers than patrilineal.[67] The nasab of Abd al-Mu'min mentioned here is taken from 14th-century historian Lisan al-Din ibn al-Khatib's book al-Ihata fi akhbar Gharnata.[68] Since the Almohads' purported ancestor Adnan is generally considered to have lived in the 2nd century BC,[69] it is impossible that only 20 generations would have separated him from Abd al-Mu'min, who lived in the 12th century AD. The nasab given by Ibn al-Khatib is thus highly dubious. Nevertheless, it is included here since it was the official nasab adopted by the Almohads.
References[edit]
- ^ "Gold dinar with a standing caliph". British Museum. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
- ^ Falk 1985, p. 351
- ^ Zakaria 1989, p. 314
- ^ Lewis 1988, p. 154
- ^ Landau 2004, p. 105
- ^ Quataert 2005, p. 94
- ^ Crow & Moussavi 2005, p. 43
- ^ Waardenburg 2002, p. 250
- ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 7, p. 729
- ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 4, pp. 937–953
- ^ Montgomery-Massingberd 1980, p. 236
- ^ a b Freeman-Grenville & Munro-Hay 2006, p. 41
- ^ a b Lane-Poole 1894, pp. 9–11
- ^ Bosworth 2004, pp. 1–2
- ^ Bosworth 2004, pp. 3–5
- ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 10, pp. 840–847
- ^ Freeman-Grenville & Munro-Hay 2006, p. 43
- ^ Lane-Poole 1894, pp. 12–15
- ^ a b Bosworth 2004, pp. 6–10
- ^ a b Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 1, pp. 15–23
- ^ Freeman-Grenville & Munro-Hay 2006, p. 70
- ^ Lane-Poole 1894, pp. 70–73
- ^ Bosworth 2004, pp. 63–65
- ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 2, pp. 850–862
- ^ Daftary 1992, pp. 551–552
- ^ a b Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 5, pp. 1242–1244
- ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 2, p. 850
- ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 4, pp. 458–460
- ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 6, pp. 434–435
- ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 7, pp. 485–489
- ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 1, pp. 823–825
- ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 3, pp. 76–82
- ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 11, pp. 391–392
- ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 7, pp. 729–732
- ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 7, p. 725
- ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 1, p. 440
- ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 3, pp. 54–55
- ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 11, pp. 382–383
- ^ Daftary 1992, pp. 270–271
- ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 1, pp. 196–197
- ^ Freeman-Grenville & Munro-Hay 2006, p. 68
- ^ Lane-Poole 1894, pp. 21–22
- ^ Bosworth 2004, pp. 11–13
- ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 10, pp. 847–853
- ^ Freeman-Grenville & Munro-Hay 2006, p. 92
- ^ Lane-Poole 1894, pp. 45–48
- ^ Bosworth 2004, pp. 39–40
- ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 7, pp. 801–807
- ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 1, pp. 78–80
- ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 1, pp. 160–162
- ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 1, pp. 165–166
- ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 7, p. 989
- ^ pp. 76–81 (archive, Almostansir Billah google)
- ^ Freeman-Grenville & Munro-Hay 2006, p. 103
- ^ Freeman-Grenville & Munro-Hay 2006, p. 261
- ^ Lane-Poole 1894, pp. 186–197
- ^ Bosworth 2004, pp. 239–242
- ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 8, pp. 190–231
- ^ a b Ali 1999, p. 48
- ^ Album & Goodwin 2002, p. 74
- ^ Treadwell 2005, p. 10
- ^ "Dinar of Abdul Malik the Standing Caliph Struck in Homs" (PowerPoint). Numismatics Society of the Arab and Islamic World. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
- ^ a b "Gold coin of Abd al-Malik". British Museum. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
- ^ Porter, Venetia. "Gold coin of Abd al-Malik". BBC Online. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
- ^ Friedberg & Friedberg 2009, p. 82
- ^ Daftary 1992, pp. 108–109
- ^ Fierro 2009, p. 23
- ^ Norris 1982, p. 258
- ^ Hughes 1885, p. 19
Bibliography[edit]
Primary sources[edit]
Arabic Wikisource has original text related to this article:
- Jalalu'ddin as-Suyuti (1881) [Composed 15th century]. Tarikh al-khulafa [History of the Caliphs]. trans. Henry Sullivan Jarrett. Calcutta: The Asiatic Society. OCLC 470140533.
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Secondary sources[edit]
- Album, Stephen; Goodwin, Tony (2002). Sylloge of Islamic Coins in the Ashmolean. Vol. Volume 1: The Pre-Reform Coinage of the Early Islamic Period. Oxford: Ashmolean Museum. ISBN 9781854441737.
{{cite book}}
:|volume=
has extra text (help) - Ali, Wijdan (1999). The Arab Contribution to Islamic Art: From the Seventh to the Fifteenth Centuries. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 9789774244766.
- Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2004) [First published 1996]. The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. New Edinburgh Islamic Surveys Series (2nd ed.). Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748621378.
- Crow, Karim D.; Moussavi, Ahmad Kazemi (2005). Facing One Qiblah: Legal and Doctrinal Aspects of Sunni and Shi'ah Muslims. Contemporary Islamic Scholars Series. Singapore: Pustaka Nasional. ISBN 9789971775520.
- Daftary, Farhad (1992) [First published 1990]. The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521429740.
- Falk, Toby, ed. (1985). Treasures of Islam (Catalog of the exhibition held at the Musée Rath, Geneva, in 1985). London: Sotheby's / Philip Wilson Publishers. ISBN 9780856671968.
- Fierro, Maribel (2009). "Alfonso X "The Wise": The Last Almohad Caliph?". In Corfis, Ivy A (ed.). Al-Andalus, Sepharad and Medieval Iberia: Cultural Contact and Diffusion (Special offprint of Medieval Encounters, Volume 15, Numbers 2–4, 2009). Vol. 15. Leiden: Brill. pp. 19–42. doi:10.1163/157006709X458819. ISBN 9789004179196.
{{cite book}}
:|journal=
ignored (help) - Freeman-Grenville, G.S.P.; Munro-Hay, Stuart C. (2006). Islam: An Illustrated History (Revised and Expanded edition of Historical Atlas of Islam). Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 9780826418371.
- Friedberg, Arthur L.; Friedberg, Ira S. (2009). Gold Coins of the World from Ancient Times to the Present (8th ed.). Clifton, NJ: Coin & Currency Institute. ISBN 9780871843081.
- Hughes, Thomas Patrick (1885). A Dictionary of Islam: Being a Cyclopaedia of the Doctrines, Rites, Ceremonies, and Customs, Together With the Technical and Theological Terms, of the Muhammadan Religion. London: W. H. Allen & Co. OCLC 1087321.
- Landau, Jacob M. (2004). Exploring Ottoman and Turkish History. London: C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 9781850657521.
- Lane-Poole, Stanley (1894). The Mohammedan Dynasties: Chronological and Genealogical Tables with Historical Introductions. Westminster: Archibald Constable and Company. OCLC 1199708.
- Lewis, Raphaela (1988) [First published 1971]. Everyday Life in Ottoman Turkey (2nd ed.). New York: Dorset Press. ISBN 9780880291750.
- Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh, ed. (1980). Burke's Royal Families of the World. Vol. Volume II: Africa & the Middle East. London: Burke's Peerage. ISBN 9780850110296.
{{cite book}}
:|volume=
has extra text (help) - Norris, Harry Thirwall (1982). The Berbers in Arabic Literature. Arab background series. Longman. ISBN 9780582783034.
- Quataert, Donald (2005) [First published 2000]. The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922. New approaches to European history, v. 34 (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521839105.
- Treadwell, Luke (2005). ""Mihrab and ʿAnaza" or "Sacrum and Spear"? A Reconsideration of an Early Marwanid Silver Drachm". In Necipoğlu, Gülru (ed.). Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World. Vol. Volume 22. Leiden: Brill. pp. 1–28. ISBN 9789004147027.
{{cite book}}
:|volume=
has extra text (help) - Waardenburg, Jean Jacques (2002). Islam: Historical, Social, and Political Perspectives. Religion and Reason, v. 40. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110171785.
- Zakaria, Rafiq (1989). The Struggle Within Islam: The Conflict Between Religion and Politics. London: Penguin. ISBN 9780140107944.
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