Woodnymph

Woodnymph
	Male violet-capped woodnymph (Thalurania glaucopis)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Clade:	Strisores
Order:	Apodiformes
Family:	Trochilidae
Tribe:	Trochilini
Genus:	Thalurania; Gould, 1848
Type species
	Trochilus furcatus (fork-tailed woodnymph); Gmelin, JF, 1788
Species
	See text

Woodnymphs are hummingbirds in the genus Thalurania. Males are green and violet-blue, while females are green with white-tipped tails and at least partially whitish underparts. Both sexes have an almost straight, entirely black bill and little or no white post-ocular spot. They are found in forest (primarily humid) and tall second growth. The species in this genus are almost entirely allo- or parapatric, and a species is present virtually everywhere in the tropical humid Neotropics.

Taxonomy[edit]

The genus Thalurania was introduced in 1848 by the English ornithologist John Gould.^[1] Gould did not specify a type species but this was designated as the fork-tailed woodnymph by George Robert Gray in 1855.^[2]^[3] The genus name combines the Ancient Greek thalos meaning "child" with ouranos meaning "heaven".^[4]

The genus contains four species:^[5]

Genus **Thalurania** – Gould, 1848 – four species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Crowned woodnymph Male Female	Thalurania colombica (Bourcier, 1843) Eight subspecies T. c. townsendi Ridgway, 1888 T. c. venusta (Gould, 1851) T. c. colombica (Bourcier, 1843) T. c. rostrifera Phelps & Phelps Jr, 1956 T. c. fannyae (Delattre & Bourcier, 1846) T. c. subtropicalis Griscom, 1932 T. c. verticeps (Gould, 1851) T. c. hypochlora Gould, 1871	from Belize to Guatemala, and Northern Peru	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Fork-tailed woodnymph Male Female	Thalurania furcata (Gmelin, JF, 1788) Thirteen subspecies T. f. refulgens Gould, 1853 T. f. furcata (Gmelin, JF, 1788) T. f. fissilis Berlepsch & Hartert, E, 1902 T. f. orenocensis Hellmayr, 1921 T. f. nigrofasciata (Gould, 1846) T. f. viridipectus Gould, 1848 T. f. jelskii Taczanowski, 1874 T. f. simoni Hellmayr, 1906 T. f. balzani Simon, 1896 T. f. furcatoides Gould, 1861 T. f. boliviana Boucard, 1894 T. f. baeri Hellmayr, 1907 T. f. eriphile (Lesson, R, 1832)	South America, except Chile and Uruguay	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Violet-capped woodnymph Male Female	Thalurania glaucopis (Gmelin, JF, 1788)	Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Long-tailed woodnymph	Thalurania watertonii (Bourcier, 1847)	Brazil (Pernambuco, Alagoas, Sergipe, Bahia)	Size: Habitat: Diet:	EN

In 2009 an additional species was described as the black-capped woodnymph (T. nigricapilla). It is reportedly restricted to Valle del Cauca in Colombia and lacks iridescence to its crown, but at present no official authority (beyond the describers themselves) recognize it as valid.^[6]

This genus formerly included the Mexican woodnymph. A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2014 found that Thalurania was non-monophyletic and that the Mexican woodnymph is closely related to species in the genus Eupherusa.^[7] Based on this result the Mexican woodnymph is now placed in Eupherusa.^[5]

References[edit]

^ Gould, John (1848). "Drafts for a new arrangement of the Trochilidae". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. Part 16 (180): 11–14 [13].
^ Gray, George Robert (1855). Catalogue of the Genera and Subgenera of Birds Contained in the British Museum. London: British Museum. p. 21.
^ Peters, James Lee, ed. (1945). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 5. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 44.
^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 383. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
^ ^a ^b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2022). "Hummingbirds". IOC World Bird List Version 12.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
^ Valdés-Velásquez, A.; Schuchmann, K.L. (2009). "A new species of hummingbird (Thalurania; Trochilidae, Trochilinae) from the western Colombian Andes". Ornithologisher Anzeiger. 48: 143–149.
^ McGuire, J.; Witt, C.; Remsen, J.V.; Corl, A.; Rabosky, D.; Altshuler, D.; Dudley, R. (2014). "Molecular phylogenetics and the diversification of hummingbirds". Current Biology. 24 (8): 910–916. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.016. PMID 24704078.

Peterson, A. T., Stiles, F. G., and Schuchmann, K. L. 1999. Woodnymphs (Thalurania). pp. 585–586 in: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., and Sargatal, J. eds. 1999. Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 5. Barn-owls to Hummingbirds. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. ISBN 84-87334-25-3

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[1] Gould, John (1848). "Drafts for a new arrangement of the Trochilidae". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. Part 16 (180): 11–14 [13].

[2] Gray, George Robert (1855). Catalogue of the Genera and Subgenera of Birds Contained in the British Museum. London: British Museum. p. 21.

[3] Peters, James Lee, ed. (1945). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 5. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 44.

[4] Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 383. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.

[ioc-5] Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2022). "Hummingbirds". IOC World Bird List Version 12.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 13 July 2022.

[6] Valdés-Velásquez, A.; Schuchmann, K.L. (2009). "A new species of hummingbird (Thalurania; Trochilidae, Trochilinae) from the western Colombian Andes". Ornithologisher Anzeiger. 48: 143–149.

[7] McGuire, J.; Witt, C.; Remsen, J.V.; Corl, A.; Rabosky, D.; Altshuler, D.; Dudley, R. (2014). "Molecular phylogenetics and the diversification of hummingbirds". Current Biology. 24 (8): 910–916. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.016. PMID 24704078.

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